膳食脂肪酸在兒童行為和學習中的作用。 評估 Equazen eye q 語言發展和行為在學齡前兒童中的有效性。

來自 Sure Start Initiative 的 65 名兒童（年齡從 18 個月到 3 歲）有嚴重的語言延遲和來自社會經濟貧困地區。 他們在基線和 Equazen eye q 補充劑 5 個月後進行評估。

主要發現

• 補充劑可降低兒童的興奮性並提高他們的注意力。 這是一個根本性的轉變，即在家裡度過更多的定性時間
• Equazen eye q 有助於兒童語言能力的發展
• 補充劑的孩子能夠集中註意力，從發展計劃中獲益更多

行為和注意力

使用 Equazen eye q 5 個月後，行為和注意力集中能力“非常好或良好”的兒童比例顯著增加（家長評分）.

語言發展

5個月後，補充組在表達語言和接受語言方面分別提高了8.8個月和7.1個月。

波特伍德瑪德琳 M.

營養與健康，2006 年，第 18 卷，第 233-247 頁

補充魚油對澳大利亞土著偏遠社區學校兒童學習和行為的影響：一項隨機對照試驗。 研究與安慰劑相比，補充 Equazen eye q 是否能提高識字率、非語言認知發展以及教師對學習和行為的報告。

澳大利亞土著兒童的識字率和教育成果明顯低於非土著兒童。 與土著兒童的教育成果相關的因素包括父母教育、入學率、教學質量、領導能力以及對土著文化和語言背景的參與。

營養很可能在後面的因素中起著重要作用。 最佳營養對大腦的健康發育和功能至關重要，澳大利亞土著兒童有許多健康問題，主要與營養不良有關。

營養不良不僅會影響身體健康，還會導致認知功能受損，從而影響學習和行為。</p >

主要發現

• 補充 Equazen eye q 顯著改善認知發展（非語言、無文化評估）
• 據報導，Equazen eye q 對 7 至 12 歲的土著兒童有更強的影響
• 由於含多不飽和脂肪酸的食物攝入量低，在學校識字率低的兒童，不一定患有發育障礙，也可以補充魚油。</ 跨度>

Parletta Natalie、Cooper Patrick、Gent Debra N.、Petkov John、O’Dea Kerin

前列腺素白三烯精華。 脂肪酸 (2013), 89(2-3): 71-79

適合兒童閱讀的歐米茄 3/6 脂肪酸：一項在瑞典 9 歲主流學童中進行的隨機、雙盲、安慰劑對照試驗。

。 評估 Equazen eye q 是否能提高主流學童的閱讀能力。

。 評估 Equazen eye q 是否提高注意力、記憶力、學習、語言/溝通、解決問題和社交能力。

閱讀被認為是所有學校學習的一項重要技能。 眾所周知，在一年級時沒有達到一定水平的閱讀能力的兒童在接下來的幾年裡很難理解其他主題。 閱讀能力可以看作是解碼和理解的結果，認知功能、注意力和語言的提高可能會對閱讀能力產生積極影響。

主要發現

• Equazen eye q 提高了主流學童的閱讀能力
• Equazen eye q 在語音解碼時間和視覺分析時間方面明顯優於安慰劑，這兩項都是充分解碼和相應閱讀性能所必需的重要技能< /li>
• Equazen eye q對注意力有問題的兒童亞群和男孩有更強的治療效果
• Equazen eye q 安全且耐受性良好，並且具有與安慰劑相似的高依從性（不良事件罕見且輕微）</li >

Johnson Mats、Fransson Gunnar、Östlund Sven、Areskoug Björn、Gillberg Christopher

兒童心理學和精神病學雜誌，2016 年 8 月 22 日

Omega-3 脂肪酸改變人類皮質視覺處理——一項雙盲、交叉研究。評估 Equazen eye q 和富含 DHA 的魚油補充劑是否會改變大細胞和小細胞皮質功能，並研究魚油補充劑對測量對簡單和復雜視覺刺激的運動反應時間的心理處理任務的影響。</跨度>

視覺處理障礙通常與閱讀障礙和學習困難有關。閱讀障礙不僅僅是將字母翻譯成聲音的困難。許多閱讀障礙者在看清字母及其順序方面存在問題。這些困難可能是由視覺“大細胞”神經細胞的異常發育引起的，這些神經細胞介導了快速識別字母及其順序的能力，因為它們控制著注意力和眼睛注視的視覺引導。已經在視覺系統的各個層面證明了大細胞損傷的證據，導致視覺感知不穩定以及與閱讀缺陷的相關性。鉅細胞虛弱可能是由遺傳脆弱性引起的，遺傳脆弱性會擾亂發育過程中皮層神經元的有序遷移，或者可能減少 omega-3 脂肪酸的攝取，而 omega-3 脂肪酸通常從飲食中的魚油中獲得。鉅細胞細胞膜需要補充 omega-3 脂肪酸以保持其快速反應*。

Equazen eye q 改善視覺刺激後神經元大細胞的恢復

主要發現

• Equazen eye q 改善視覺刺激後神經元大細胞的恢復
• Equazen eye q 補充劑與更快的視覺刺激反應時間相關
• Equazen eye q 積極改變皮層處理
• Equazen eye q 可能對“貧困讀者”有益

* Stein J. 閱讀障礙：視覺和視覺注意力的作用。 Curr Dev Disord 代表 (2014) 1:267-280

Bauer Isabelle 等人。 PLoS ONE 6(12): e28214, 2011

Omega-3 補充劑可改善年輕人的認知能力並改變大腦活動。 研究 Equazen eye q 和富含 DHA 的補充劑對認知能力和功能性大腦激活的影響。

將海爾的神經效率原理 (1-3) 擴展到補充劑的神經認知作用，使用先前研究 (4) 的結果，Bauer 等人。 研究了 30 天富含 EPA 的補充劑 (Equazen eye q) 與富含 DHA 的補充劑對認知能力的影響。

主要發現

• 30 天富含 EPA 的 Equazen eye q 補充劑顯示認知能力的改善：

– 左 ACC 的功能性大腦激活顯著減少

– 右中央前回的激活增加

補充富含 DHA 後未觀察到這些

• Equazen eye q 在提高高階認知任務中的神經效率方面比 30 天富含 DHA 的補充劑更成功
• 在 Bauer 2011 和 Bauer 2014 中觀察到的與認知能力改善相關的功能激活減少可能表明更有效地利用神經資源< /span>

SBauer Isabelle 等人。 哼。 精神藥理學臨床實驗 (2014)

Omega-3 脂肪酸補充劑用於治療注意力缺陷/多動障礙症狀學：系統評價和薈萃分析

這項薈萃分析的目標是檢查補充 omega-3 脂肪酸對注意力缺陷/多動障礙 (ADHD) 兒童的療效。</跨度>

Pubmed (1965-2010) 使用搜索策略“注意力缺陷多動障礙”和“不飽和脂肪酸”搜索相關試驗。

搜索結果進一步限於隨機對照試驗和薈萃分析。

這項審查包括隨機、安慰劑對照研究，這些研究檢查補充 omega-3 脂肪酸對多動症兒童的療效或針對其他兒童的多動症症狀。排除了在補充 omega-3 脂肪酸的同時開始使用其他精神活性物質的試驗。

主要發現

• 補充富含 EPA 的產品可能會改善 ADHD 症狀，而補充富含 DHA 的產品可能不會達到同樣的程度
• 鑑於其相對良性的副作用和適度療效的證據，使用 omega-3 脂肪補充劑來增加傳統藥物干預或為這些家庭使用可能是合理的 誰拒絕所有其他精神藥理學選擇。

Bloch Michael H. 和 Qawasmi Ahmad 美國兒童學院雜誌 青少年精神病學，2001

Nonpharmacological Interventions for ADHD: Systematic Review and Meta-Analyses of Randomized Controlled Trials of Dietary and Psychological Treatments. 

Eleven free fatty acid supplementation trials were included in a systematic review and meta-analyses of randomized controlled trials of dietary treatments.

Free fatty acid supplementation produced significant reductions in ADHD symptoms, even with probably blinded assessments.

The studies of Johnson M. 2009 and Sinn N. 2007 performed with Equazen eye q are among the trials that showed the best results.

Key findings

• Fatty acids supplementation have beneficial effects on ADHD symptoms, and may be integrated with pharmacological approaches.

Sonuga-Barke Edmund J.S. et al. Am J Psychiatry 2013 Mar; 170 (3): 275-89

牛津-達勒姆研究 – 一項對發育性協調障礙兒童進行脂肪酸膳食補充的隨機對照試驗。

精神障礙診斷和統計手冊 IV 版 (DSM-IV) 中定義的發育性協調障礙 (DCD) 涉及獨立於運動功能的特定損傷 能力一般。 除了運動功能的核心缺陷之外，這是與持續到成年期的學習、行為和社會心理適應困難相關的病症。 DCD 兒童在學業成就方面面臨的主要障礙包括書面語言困難，以及組織技能、注意力和行為方面的困難。

• 隨機、雙盲、安慰劑對照試驗
• 平行組 3 個月，然後單向交叉 3 個月
• 117 名患有 DCD 的兒童（5-12 歲；78 名男性，39 名女性）隨機接受 Equazen eye q，每天 3 次，每次兩粒膠囊或安慰劑。

主要發現

• Equazen eye q 在平行組的 3 個月治療期間顯示出閱讀、拼寫和行為的顯著改善
• 在第一個治療階段服用 Equazen eye q 的兒童閱讀年齡的預期增長是預期正常增長的 3 倍，拼寫年齡增長是正常增長的兩倍，使他們的平均分數接近規範價值。在後續階段，他們繼續取得進步，甚至超出了他們年齡的預期。
• 根據康納斯評定量表 (CTRS-L) 的測量結果，補充 Equazen eye q 後，ADHD 症狀顯著減少</li >
• Equazen eye q 的治療效果大小在前 3 個月為 0.55，在 6 個月後為 0.70。這種治療與使用哌甲酯進行的臨床試驗相當。根據 Schachter H.M.等人 (2001)**，哌醋甲酯的效應值介於 0.54 和 0.78 之間
• Equazen eye q 是一種安全、可耐受且有效的治療方法

手寫*

許多學生的書寫能力有了顯著提高。

喬，9 歲

之前Equazen

後 Equazen

閱讀和拼寫的顯著改進

Richardson Alexandra J., Montgomery Paul Pediatrics (2005); 115（5）：1360-1366

Efficacy and Safety of Omega-3/6 Fatty Acids, Methylphenidate, and a Combined Treatment in Children With ADHD. To assess the efficacy and safety of Equazen eye q, alone and in combination with Methylphenidate (MPH), in the treatment of ADHD in children.
The management of ADHD involves a comprehensive treatment approach using drug and non-drug therapies, with psychopharmacological approaches being the basis of the treatment. Stimulants such as amphetamines and methylphenidate (MPH) are the most frequently used class of medications. Although effective, pharmaceutical treatment of ADHD has its disadvantages, including adverse events and the negative opinions of some parents and clinicians in using medications.
The use of omega polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) has been evaluated in several clinical investigations, reporting significant reduction in the ADHD symptomatology. As MPH and PUFAs may act differently, there may be additional benefits from a combination therapy.

Key findings

• Equazen eye q, although slightly less effective than MPH, is an effective and well tolerated treatment for children suffering from ADHD

• Equazen eye q in combination with MPH appeared to have some benefits over MPH monotherapy in terms of MPH dosage and tolerability, suggesting an improved treatment adherence

• Even if the reduction of symptoms was slower in the Equazen eye q and Equazen eye q + MPH groups compared with the MPH monotherapy in the first weeks of treatment, the scale score levelled off after 8 weeks of treatment suggesting a long term stabilization.

Adverse events reported (percentage of patients)

Significantly less adverse events were reported when Equazen eye q was used in combination with MPH.

Barragán Eduardo, Breuer Dieter, and Döpfner Manfred Journal of Attention Disorders, Jan 2014

Omega-3/Omega-6 Fatty Acids for Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder A Randomized Placebo-Controlled Trial in Children and Adolescents. To assess whether Equazen eye q was effective in reducing ADHD core symptoms and coexisting comorbidity in children and adolescents with ADHD.

Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is clinically presented by the classic triad of symptoms of inattention, hyperactivity and/or impulsivity. The prevalently ADHD inattentive subtype is often overlooked even though is highly associated with academic and social impairments. The inattentive subtype is characterized by symptoms of inattentiveness, such as distractibility, failure to complete work, forgetfulness, and disorganization.

Boys are more likely than girls to develop ADHD, which makes the ADHD clinical diagnosis more frequent in male gender.

Key findings

• At the end of the first 3-month study period there was a subgroup who responded with a clinically meaningful

improvement in ADHD symptoms (reduction of at least 25% on the ADHD-RS-IV and a reduction of CGI scores

to the near-normal range). Among these a small group experienced a symptom reduction of more than 50%

• A clinically meaningful response tended to be more frequent in the subgroup of children with associated neurodevelopmental comorbidity. It may be that Equazen eye q is specifically more effective in children and adolescents with the phenotype of deficits in attention, motor control, and perception
• Boys and particularly those with ADHD inattentive subtype, Developmental Coordination Disorder (DCD), Reading Writing Difficulties (RWD) and autistic symptoms (AS) tended to be more likely to respond to the treatment
• Equazen eye q is a safe treatment option

Johnson Mats, Östlund Sven, Fransson Gunnar, Kadesjö Björn, Gillberg Christopher Journal of Attention Disorders (2009); Volume 12, 5:394-401

Fatty acids in ADHD: plasma profiles in a placebo-controlled study of Omega 3/6 fatty acids in children and adolescents.

Combined findings of different studies suggest that children with ADHD have lower Omega-3 fatty acids blood levels and higher Omega-6/Omega-3 ratios than controls, suggesting that a balance between Omega-6/Omega-3 may play a role for improving the ADHD symptoms.

The causal relationship between these findings and ADHD remains unclear, but several arguments based on the biochemical and physiological functions of Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids (PUFAs) can be found in literature.

First, membranes of neurons contain high amount of Omega-3 and Omega-6 PUFAs for proper neuronal function. The amount of PUFAs affect fluidity of the membrane, which could affect neurotransmission and permeability. Furthermore, PUFAs have an important role in brain development. This could explain why Omegas deficiency during development has a wide impact on the function and development of the brain.

To examine baseline levels and changes of fatty acid profiles in plasma phospholipids in children with ADHD*. The participants were randomised to receive Equazen eye q (6 capsules daily) or placebo in the first period (3months). In the second period, all participants were given Equazen eye q. 

Key findings

• Equazen eye q has a substantial impact on plasma phosphatidyl choline fatty acid balance
• Fatty acid changes appear to be associated with treatment response

Johnson Mats, Månsson Jan-Eric, Östlund Sven, Fransson Gunnar, Areskoug Björn, Hjalmarsson Kerstin, Landgren Magnus, Kadesjö Björn, Gillberg Christopher

ADHD Atten Def Hyp Disord (2012)

Effect of Supplementation with Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids and Micronutrients on Learning and Behavior Problems Associated with Child ADHD. To investigate effects of Equazen eye q and micronutrients (Multivitamin/mineral, MVM) on cognitive and behavioural problems associated with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in children.

Many school children nowadays show poor concentration and difficulty in sustaining attention coupled with poor self-discipline and impulse control, which may negatively affect their school performance, families, and social interactions.

These problems are usually defined as attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), however, many school children may manifest them, without reaching the cut off for a formal diagnosis.

Key findings

• Supplementation with Equazen eye q over 15 weeks showed significant improvements compared with placebo in parent rating of ADHD-related behavioural and cognitive difficulties
• Following a one-way crossover to Equazen eye q, the placebo group showed significant improvement comparable with the active group during the first phase of study (15 weeks), with additional significant improvements on subscales “Social problems” and “Perfectionism”
• Overall, 30-40% of children over 15 weeks and 40-50% of children over 30 weeks had improvements >1 SD in scores
• There was no benefit derived from a multivitamin/mineral (MVM) supplement over and above Equazen eye q
• Supplementation with Equazen eye q is a safe and healthy option for children with ADHD symptoms to be considered as a possible treatment adjunct

Cognitive effects of polyunsaturated fatty acids in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder symptoms: A randomised controlled trial.

Children with attention problems have been described as having a ‘sluggish cognitive tempo’ and have been identified via psychophysiological assessments as having slower brain wave patterns, particularly in the frontal lobes. This may be associated with difficulties in executive functioning (EF), a cluster of higher order cognitive abilities associated with the frontal lobes that are broadly characterized by the regulation of attention, behaviour, processing speed, strategic planning and organizational abilities, working memory and cognitive flexibility.
In support, children suffering from. Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) often have difficulties with EF. Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids (PUFAs) have been proclaimed as critical for intellectual growth and development in the infant brain and in early childhood. Given that brain development, particularly EF, continues throughout childhood, PUFAs could also play an important role in cognitive function development.

To investigate effects of Equazen eye q and micronutrient (Multivitamin/mineral MVM) supplementation on cognition in children with ADHD symptoms.

• 132 children completed the first 15-week phase of the study, and 109 completed the 30 weeks.
• randomised, placebo-controlled design constituting 30 weeks’ participation for each child with a one-way crossover at 15 weeks

Key findings

• Equazen eye q improves children’s ability to switch and control attention
• Equazen eye q improves vocabulary, which could results from an improved attention and concentration; A clear association has been in fact identified between inattentive behaviour and language difficulties – especially reading skills.
• Micronutrient supplementation does not provide any additional benefits

Sinn Natalie, Bryan Janet, Wilson Carlene Prostaglandins, Leukotrienes & Essential Fatty Acids (2008) April-May, 78(4-5):311-26 (2008)

The role of dietary fatty acids in children’s behaviour and learning. To assess the effectiveness of Equazen eye q on adolescents’ behaviour.

Vulnerable teenage students who had persistent difficulties with behaviour and were at risk of school exclusion were recruited for fatty acids supplementation; they exhibited problems with concentration, and in some cases, aggression, across a range of lesson periods.

• 20 adolescents aged between 12 and 15 (18 male, 2 female) with persistent behavioural difficulties and concentration problems
• 3 months of supplementation with Equazen eye q (open laben study)

Key findings

• Equazen eye q reduces significantly the ADHD symptomatology with a substantial drop in the number of adolescents rated as “severe” on the DSM-IV ADHD scales
• Equazen eye q reduces excitability and improves concentration in the children. This is a fundamental shift towards more qualitative time spent at home

Equazen eye q improves behaviour in the classroom. According to the teacher reports following the trial, 41% of the children had significantly calmed down, was more focused in the classroom and this has resulted in positive improvements in school work.

Portwood Madeleine M. Nutrition and Health, 2006, Vol.18, pp.233-247

Critical appraisal of omega-3 fatty acids in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder treatment

In several studies, it has been indicated that a supplementation of Omega-3 has a beneficial effect on ADHD symptoms. However, the results of these studies show a high variability and inconsistency, therefore an independent review of the available evidence has been conducted on the most recent studies published between 2000 and 2015 to evaluate the effectiveness of omegas supplementation in ADHD.

Among all the treatment options, the supplementation with a combination of Omega-3 and Omega-6 showed the best results.

Key findings

• Even if inconsistencies have been found among the different treatments, the most promising results are found in the trials where a specific Omega-3/Omega-6 combination (Equazen eye q) was given to the subjects.

Particularly, treatment with Equazen eye q showed promising results.

Also, the tolerability of supplementation with Equazen eye q was good.

Treatment with fatty acids can be recommended in two patient groups:

• Patients with mild forms of ADHD, for whom the side effects of stimulant medication outweigh the benefits
• Patients who suffer both from severe ADHD and from side effects of the stimulant medication. In this patients a combination of stimulant medication and fatty acid supplement could reduce the dose of these stimulant medication and the incidence and severity of the side effects.

Königs Anja and Kiliaan Amanda Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment 2016:12 1869–1882

孕婦腦部特定脂肪酸補充劑的隨機對照試驗可增加新生兒 MRI 掃描的腦容量。大腦特定的脂肪酸對於哺乳動物中樞神經系統的發育是必不可少的。在懷孕的最後三個月和產後的頭幾個月，隨著花生四烯酸 (AA) 和二十二碳六烯酸 (DHA) 的腦含量顯著增加，人腦加速生長。本臨床調查使用腦磁共振成像 (MRI) 評估了妊娠期補充 Equazen® mumomega® 對新生兒腦容量的影響。這項研究首次表明，母親補充脂肪酸可以增強嬰兒的大腦大小。

旨在確定孕婦在妊娠早期補充 Equazen® mumomega® 是否與新生兒的總腦容量和區域腦容量有關。< /p>

主要發現

• 這是第一項顯示嬰兒大腦在對母親補充脂肪酸 (Equazen® mumomega®) 的反應中出現可測量的解剖學變化（MRI 掃描）的研究< /span>
• 補充 Equazen® mumomega® 的母親所生的嬰兒出生時頭圍更大，出生時更長，這可能意味著大腦結構更發達且更有彈性
• 補充劑母親所生的男嬰導致大腦、皮層、整個灰質和胼胝體體積更大，支持男性胎兒大腦發育更敏感的推測母體必需脂肪酸的供應
• 這項試驗的結果可能意味著大腦結構得到更好的發展和恢復，並且可能與以後的神經發育結果相關。值得注意的是，補充劑母親所生的男嬰在腦部掃描中的結果更好這一事實與眾所周知的事實一致，即男性比女性因荷爾蒙效應相反而對脂肪酸缺乏更敏感，這也與較高的患病率一致男性而非女性的神經發育障礙。

Ogundipe E., Tusor N., Wang Y., Johnson M.R., Edwards A.D., Crawford M.A. ; PLEFA 138 (2018) 6-13

在患有 2 型糖尿病的孕婦中補充富含二十二碳六烯酸的魚油對膜脂肪酸和胎兒身體成分的影響——雙盲、隨機、安慰劑對照試驗。

研究富含 DHA 的歐米茄補充劑 (Equazen® mumomega®) 是否能糾正患有 2 型糖尿病 (T2D) 的女性及其後代的紅細胞膜異常。< /span>

主要發現

• 補充 Equazen® mumomega® 導致臍帶血中 DHA 的富集表明糖尿病引起的 DHA 從孕婦轉移到胎兒的損害 可以通過補充來克服
• 在懷孕末期母體紅細胞膜 DHA 的丟失被認為是對懷孕的生理反應。 然而，補充 Equazen® mumomega® 的 T2D 婦女的紅細胞膜 DHA 在懷孕過程中並未下降。
• 接受 Equazen® mumomega® 治療的 T2D 母親早產率較低。
• 研究人員建議，應將補充劑納入 T2D 孕婦的產前保健中，以優化胎兒發育並避免孕期母體消耗。< /li>

補充 Equazen® mumomega® 的 T2D 女性的早產發生率 (*) 低於接受安慰劑的女性。</p >

服用 Equazen® mumomega® 的 T2D 女性在紅細胞磷脂酰膽鹼 (PC)、磷脂酰乙醇胺 (PE) 和血漿磷脂酰膽鹼 (PC) 中的 DHA 水平顯著升高 在第三個三個月與接受安慰劑的人相比。 Equazen® mumomega® 補充劑對健康女性組的紅細胞 PE 具有相似的影響。

妊娠晚期 DHA 的紅細胞 PE 增量在 T2D 女性中增加了 53%，在健康女性中增加了 54%。</p >

Min y.、Djahanbakhch O.、Hutchinson J.、Bhullar AS、Raveendran M.、Hallot A.、Eram S.、Namugere I.、Nateghian S. ,

Ghebremeskel K. 糖尿病醫學； 31 (11):1331-40 (2014)

富含二十二碳六烯酸的配方提高母胎血液二十二碳六烯酸水平的功效：妊娠糖尿病孕婦的隨機雙盲安慰劑對照試驗。

妊娠期糖尿病 (GDM) 會影響母體和臍帶紅細胞和臍帶血漿中的 DHA 磷脂水平。 DHA 作為對母體健康和胎兒的最佳發育非常重要的 DHA，本研究探討其在受 GDM 影響的妊娠中的作用。

旨在調查富含 DHA 的歐米茄補充劑 (Equazen® mumomega®) 是否能糾正妊娠期糖尿病 (GDM) 及其後代的紅細胞膜異常。

主要發現

• Equazen® mumomega® 補充給患有妊娠期糖尿病 (GDM) 的孕婦可有效提高母親的 DHA 狀態。
• 分娩時補充 Equazen® mumomega® 的婦女與接受安慰劑的婦女相比，血漿磷脂酰膽鹼 (PC)、紅細胞 PC 和紅細胞磷脂酰乙醇胺（PE）。
• 接受 Equazen® mumomega® 的女性的 EPA 和 DHA 水平在基線和分娩之間沒有變化，但是兩種脂肪酸的水平在接受安慰劑的患者分娩（p=0.001）。

眾所周知，孕晚期母體DHA水平下降，常被描述為懷孕的生理反應；在補充有 Equazen® mumomega® 的 GDM 女性中沒有報告這種下降。

Min y., Djahanbakhch O., Hutchinson J., Eram S., Bhullar AS., Namugere I., Ghebremeskel K. 臨床營養學；35(3) :608-14,2016