The role of dietary fatty acids in children’s behaviour and learning. To assess the effectiveness of Equazen eye q language development and behaviour in pre-schoolers.

65 children (aged from 18 months to 3 years) from Sure Start Initiative with significant language delays and from a socioeconomically deprived area . They were assessed at baseline and after 5 months of Equazen eye q supplementation.

Key findings

• Supplementation reduces excitability and improves concentration in the children. This is a fundamental shift towards more qualitative time spent at home
• Equazen eye q helps the development of children language skills
• Supplemented children are able to focus their attention, with greater benefit from the developmental programmes

Behaviour and Concentration

Following 5 months of Equazen eye q, there was a considerable increase in percentage of children with “very good or good” behaviour and abillity to concentrate (Parental rating).

Language development

After 5 months, the supplemented group made 8.8 months’ improvement in expressive language and 7.1 months’ improvement in receptive language. 

Portwood Madeleine M.

Nutrition and Health, 2006, Vol.18, pp.233-247

Effect of fish oil supplementation on learning and behaviour of children from Australian Indigenous remote community schools: A randomised controlled trial. To investigate whether supplementation with Equazen eye q improve literacy, non-verbal cognitive development and teacher reports of learning and behaviour compared with placebo. 

Indigenous Australian children have a significantly lower literacy and educational outcomes than non-Indigenous children. Factors that have been associated with educational outcomes for Indigenous children include parental education, school attendance rates, quality of teaching, leadership and engagement with indigenous culture and language background.

It is likely that nutrition plays a significant role in the latter factors. Optimal nutrition is critical for healthy brain development and function and Indigenous Australians children have a number of health problems largely associated with malnutrition.

The malnourishment not only does impact on physical health, but it is also associated with impaired cognitive function, thereby impacting with learning and behaviour.

Key findings

• Supplementation with Equazen eye q significantly improved cognitive development (non-verbal, culture free assessment)
• Stronger effects of Equazen eye q have been reported in Indigenous children aged from 7 to 12 years
• Due to low consumption of foods containing PUFAs, children underachieving in literacy at school, without necessarily suffering from developmental disorder, may also be assisted with fish oil supplementation.

Parletta Natalie, Cooper Patrick, Gent Debra N., Petkov John, O’Dea Kerin

Prostaglandins Leukotrienes Essent. Fatty Acids (2013), 89(2-3): 71-79

Omega 3/6 fatty acids for reading in children: a randomized, double-blind, placebo controlled trial in 9-year-old mainstream schoolchildren in Sweden. 

. To assess whether Equazen eye q improves reading ability in mainstream schoolchildren.

. To assess whether Equazen eye q improves attention, memory, learning, language/communication, problem solving, and social ability.

Reading is recognized as an important skill for all school-based learning. Children that do not achieve a certain level of proficiency in reading during the first grade of school are known to have difficulties in understanding other subject matter in the years that follow. Reading ability can be regarded as the result of decoding and comprehension, and improvements in cognitive function, concentration and language may positively affect reading ability.

Key findings

• Equazen eye q improves reading ability in mainstream schoolchildren
• Equazen eye q is significantly superior to placebo for phonologic decoding time and visual analysis time which are both important skills necessary for adequate decoding and conseguently reading performance
• Equazen eye q has a stronger treatment effect in children subgroups with attention problems and in boys
• Equazen eye q is safe and well tolerated and it has a high compliance similar to that of placebo (adverse events were rare and mild)

Johnson Mats, Fransson Gunnar, Östlund Sven, Areskoug Björn, Gillberg Christopher

Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, Aug 22 (2016)

Omega-3 Fatty Acids Modify Human Cortical Visual Processing—A Double-Blind, Crossover Study. To evaluate whether Equazen eye q and a DHA-rich fish oil supplement would alter the magnocellular and parvocellular cortical function and to investigate the effects of the fish oil supplementation on mental processing tasks measuring motor reaction times to both simple and complex visual stimuli.

Visual processing disturbs are often associated with dyslexia and learning difficulties. Dyslexia is more than just a difficulty with translating letters into sounds. Many dyslexics have problems with clearly seeing letters and their order. These difficulties may be caused by abnormal development of their visual ‘magnocellular’ nerve cells, these mediate the ability to rapidly identify letters and their order because they control visual guidance of attention and of eye fixations. Evidence of magnocellular cell impairment has been demonstrated at all levels of the visual systems, resulting in a destabilization of visual perception and correlation with reading deficit. Magnocellular weakness may be caused by genetic vulnerability, which can disturb orderly migration of cortical neurons during development or possibly reduce the uptake of omega-3 fatty acids, which are usually obtained from fish oils in the diet. Magnocellular cell membranes require replenishment of the omega-3 fatty acids to maintain their rapid responses *. 

Equazen eye q improves neuronal magnocellular recovery following visual stimulation

Key findings

• Equazen eye q improves neuronal magnocellular recovery following visual stimulation
• Equazen eye q supplementation is associated with faster reaction times in response to visual stimuli
• Equazen eye q positively alters cortical processing
• Equazen eye q may be of benefit to ‘poor readers’

* Stein J. Dyslexia: the role of vision and visual attention. Curr Dev Disord Rep (2014) 1:267-280

Bauer Isabelle et al. PLoS ONE 6(12): e28214, 2011

Omega-3 supplementation improves cognition and modifies brain activation in young adults. To investigate the effects of Equazen eye q and a DHA-rich supplementation on cognitive performance and functional brain activation.

Extending the principles of neural efficiency of Haier (1-3) to neurocognitive effects of supplementations, using the results of previous study (4), Bauer et al. investigated the effects of a 30-day EPA-rich supplementation (Equazen eye q) compared with a DHA-rich supplementation on cognitive performance.

Key findings

• A 30-day EPA-rich supplementation with Equazen eye q showed an improvement in cognitive performance with:

– a strong reduction in functional brain activation in the left ACC

– an increase in activation in the right precentral gyrus

These were not observed following DHA-rich supplementation

• Equazen eye q is more successful than a 30-day DHA-rich supplementation in improving neural efficiency during higher order cognitive tasks
• The reduction in functional activation associated with an improvement in cognitive performance following EPA-rich supplementation observed in Bauer 2011 and Bauer 2014 may indicate a more efficient utilisation of neural resources

SBauer Isabelle et al. Hum. Psychopharmacol Clin Exp (2014)

Omega-3 Fatty Acid Supplementation for the Treatment of Children With Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Symptomatology: Systematic review and Meta-Analysis

The goal of this meta-analysis was to examine the efficacy of omega-3 fatty acids supplementation in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).

Pubmed (1965-2010) was searched for relevant trials using the search strategy “Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity” AND “Fatty Acids, Unsaturated”.

The results of the search were further limited to randomised control trials and meta-analyses.

This review included randomised, placebo-controlled studies examining the efficacy of omega-3 fatty acids supplementation in children with ADHD or targeting ADHD symptoms in other children. Trials in which other psychoactive substances were started at the same time as omega-3 fatty acid supplementation were excluded.

Key findings

• Supplementation with EPA-rich products may improve ADHD symptoms, whereas supplementation with DHA rich ones may not to the same degree
• Given its relatively benign side-effect profile and evidence of modest efficacy, it may be reasonable to use omega-3 fatty supplementation to increase traditional pharmacologic interventions or for those families who decline all other psychopharmacologic options.

Bloch Michael H. , and Qawasmi Ahmad Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 2001

Nonpharmacological Interventions for ADHD: Systematic Review and Meta-Analyses of Randomized Controlled Trials of Dietary and Psychological Treatments. 

Eleven free fatty acid supplementation trials were included in a systematic review and meta-analyses of randomized controlled trials of dietary treatments.

Free fatty acid supplementation produced significant reductions in ADHD symptoms, even with probably blinded assessments.

The studies of Johnson M. 2009 and Sinn N. 2007 performed with Equazen 931 Ratio are among the trials that showed the best results.

Key findings

• Fatty acids supplementation have beneficial effects on ADHD symptoms, and may be integrated with pharmacological approaches.

Sonuga-Barke Edmund J.S. et al. Am J Psychiatry 2013 Mar; 170 (3): 275-89

The Oxford-Durham Study – A Randomized, Controlled Trial of Dietary Supplementation With Fatty Acids in Children With Developmental Coordination Disorder. 

The developmental Coordination Disorder (DCD), as defined in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders IV edition (DSM-IV), involves specific impairments of motor function independent of general ability. In addition to core deficits in motor function this is condition associated with difficulties in learning, behaviour, and psychosocial adjustment which persist into adulthood. The primary obstacles to academic achievements that children with DCD face involve difficulties with written language, and difficulties with organizational skills, attention and behaviour.

• Randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial
• Parallel groups for 3 months, followed by a one-way crossover for an additional 3 months
• 117 children with DCD (aged 5-12 years; 78 male, 39 female) were randomised to receive either Equazen eye q, two capsules three times daily or placebo.

Key findings

• Equazen 931 Ratio showed significant improvements in reading, spelling and behaviour during 3 months of treatment in parallel groups
• Children taking Equazen 931 Ratio in the first treatment phase made 3 times the expected normal gain in reading age and twice the normal gain in spelling age, bringing their average scores toward normative values. In the follow-up phase they continued to make improvements even beyond what would be expected for their age.
• Following Equazen 931 Ratio supplementation, significant reductions were shown in ADHD symptomatology, as measured by the Conners’ Rating Scale (CTRS-L)
• The treatment effect size of Equazen 931 Ratio was 0.55 in the first 3 months and 0.70 over the 6 months. This treatment is comparable with the clinic trial carried out using methylphenidate. According to Schachter H.M. et al (2001)**, methylphenidate has an effect size of between 0.54 and 0.78
• Equazen 931 Ratio is a safe, tolerable and effective treatment

Handwriting*

Many pupils showed a significant improvement in handwriting.

Joe, 9 year-old

Before Equazen 931 Ratio

After Equazen 931 Ratio

Significant improvements in reading and spelling

Richardson Alexandra J., Montgomery Paul Pediatrics (2005); 115(5): 1360-1366

Efficacy and Safety of Omega-3/6 Fatty Acids, Methylphenidate, and a Combined Treatment in Children With ADHD. To assess the efficacy and safety of Equazen 931 Ratio, alone and in combination with Methylphenidate (MPH), in the treatment of ADHD in children.
The management of ADHD involves a comprehensive treatment approach using drug and non-drug therapies, with psychopharmacological approaches being the basis of the treatment. Stimulants such as amphetamines and methylphenidate (MPH) are the most frequently used class of medications. Although effective, pharmaceutical treatment of ADHD has its disadvantages, including adverse events and the negative opinions of some parents and clinicians in using medications.
The use of omega polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) has been evaluated in several clinical investigations, reporting significant reduction in the ADHD symptomatology. As MPH and PUFAs may act differently, there may be additional benefits from a combination therapy.

Key findings

• Equazen 931 Ratio, although slightly less effective than MPH, is an effective and well tolerated treatment for children suffering from ADHD

• Equazen 931 Ratio in combination with MPH appeared to have some benefits over MPH monotherapy in terms of MPH dosage and tolerability, suggesting an improved treatment adherence

• Even if the reduction of symptoms was slower in the Equazen eye q and Equazen eye q + MPH groups compared with the MPH monotherapy in the first weeks of treatment, the scale score levelled off after 8 weeks of treatment suggesting a long term stabilization.

Adverse events reported (percentage of patients)

Significantly less adverse events were reported when Equazen 931 Ratio was used in combination with MPH.

Barragán Eduardo, Breuer Dieter, and Döpfner Manfred Journal of Attention Disorders, Jan 2014

Omega-3/Omega-6 Fatty Acids for Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder A Randomized Placebo-Controlled Trial in Children and Adolescents. To assess whether Equazen 931 Ratio was effective in reducing ADHD core symptoms and coexisting comorbidity in children and adolescents with ADHD.

Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is clinically presented by the classic triad of symptoms of inattention, hyperactivity and/or impulsivity. The prevalently ADHD inattentive subtype is often overlooked even though is highly associated with academic and social impairments. The inattentive subtype is characterized by symptoms of inattentiveness, such as distractibility, failure to complete work, forgetfulness, and disorganization.

Boys are more likely than girls to develop ADHD, which makes the ADHD clinical diagnosis more frequent in male gender.

Key findings

• At the end of the first 3-month study period there was a subgroup who responded with a clinically meaningful

improvement in ADHD symptoms (reduction of at least 25% on the ADHD-RS-IV and a reduction of CGI scores

to the near-normal range). Among these a small group experienced a symptom reduction of more than 50%

• A clinically meaningful response tended to be more frequent in the subgroup of children with associated neurodevelopmental comorbidity. It may be that Equazen 931 Ratio is specifically more effective in children and adolescents with the phenotype of deficits in attention, motor control, and perception
• Boys and particularly those with ADHD inattentive subtype, Developmental Coordination Disorder (DCD), Reading Writing Difficulties (RWD) and autistic symptoms (AS) tended to be more likely to respond to the treatment
• Equazen 931 Ratio is a safe treatment option

Johnson Mats, Östlund Sven, Fransson Gunnar, Kadesjö Björn, Gillberg Christopher Journal of Attention Disorders (2009); Volume 12, 5:394-401

Fatty acids in ADHD: plasma profiles in a placebo-controlled study of Omega 3/6 fatty acids in children and adolescents.

Combined findings of different studies suggest that children with ADHD have lower Omega-3 fatty acids blood levels and higher Omega-6/Omega-3 ratios than controls, suggesting that a balance between Omega-6/Omega-3 may play a role for improving the ADHD symptoms.

The causal relationship between these findings and ADHD remains unclear, but several arguments based on the biochemical and physiological functions of Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids (PUFAs) can be found in literature.

First, membranes of neurons contain high amount of Omega-3 and Omega-6 PUFAs for proper neuronal function. The amount of PUFAs affect fluidity of the membrane, which could affect neurotransmission and permeability. Furthermore, PUFAs have an important role in brain development. This could explain why Omegas deficiency during development has a wide impact on the function and development of the brain.

To examine baseline levels and changes of fatty acid profiles in plasma phospholipids in children with ADHD*. The participants were randomised to receive Equazen eye q (6 capsules daily) or placebo in the first period (3months). In the second period, all participants were given Equazen 931 Ratio. 

Key findings

• Equazen 931 Ratio has a substantial impact on plasma phosphatidyl choline fatty acid balance
• Fatty acid changes appear to be associated with treatment response

Johnson Mats, Månsson Jan-Eric, Östlund Sven, Fransson Gunnar, Areskoug Björn, Hjalmarsson Kerstin, Landgren Magnus, Kadesjö Björn, Gillberg Christopher

ADHD Atten Def Hyp Disord (2012)

Effect of Supplementation with Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids and Micronutrients on Learning and Behavior Problems Associated with Child ADHD. To investigate effects of Equazen 931 Ratio and micronutrients (Multivitamin/mineral, MVM) on cognitive and behavioural problems associated with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in children.

Many school children nowadays show poor concentration and difficulty in sustaining attention coupled with poor self-discipline and impulse control, which may negatively affect their school performance, families, and social interactions.

These problems are usually defined as attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), however, many school children may manifest them, without reaching the cut off for a formal diagnosis.

Key findings

• Supplementation with Equazen 931 Ratio over 15 weeks showed significant improvements compared with placebo in parent rating of ADHD-related behavioural and cognitive difficulties
• Following a one-way crossover to Equazen 931 Ratio, the placebo group showed significant improvement comparable with the active group during the first phase of study (15 weeks), with additional significant improvements on subscales “Social problems” and “Perfectionism”
• Overall, 30-40% of children over 15 weeks and 40-50% of children over 30 weeks had improvements >1 SD in scores
• There was no benefit derived from a multivitamin/mineral (MVM) supplement over and above Equazen 931 Ratio
• Supplementation with Equazen 931 Ratio is a safe and healthy option for children with ADHD symptoms to be considered as a possible treatment adjunct

Cognitive effects of polyunsaturated fatty acids in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder symptoms: A randomised controlled trial.

Children with attention problems have been described as having a ‘sluggish cognitive tempo’ and have been identified via psychophysiological assessments as having slower brain wave patterns, particularly in the frontal lobes. This may be associated with difficulties in executive functioning (EF), a cluster of higher order cognitive abilities associated with the frontal lobes that are broadly characterized by the regulation of attention, behaviour, processing speed, strategic planning and organizational abilities, working memory and cognitive flexibility.
In support, children suffering from. Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) often have difficulties with EF. Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids (PUFAs) have been proclaimed as critical for intellectual growth and development in the infant brain and in early childhood. Given that brain development, particularly EF, continues throughout childhood, PUFAs could also play an important role in cognitive function development.

To investigate effects of Equazen 931 Ratio and micronutrient (Multivitamin/mineral MVM) supplementation on cognition in children with ADHD symptoms.

• 132 children completed the first 15-week phase of the study, and 109 completed the 30 weeks.
• randomised, placebo-controlled design constituting 30 weeks’ participation for each child with a one-way crossover at 15 weeks

Key findings

• Equazen 931 Ratio improves children’s ability to switch and control attention
• Equazen 931 Ratio improves vocabulary, which could results from an improved attention and concentration; A clear association has been in fact identified between inattentive behaviour and language difficulties – especially reading skills.
• Micronutrient supplementation does not provide any additional benefits

Sinn Natalie, Bryan Janet, Wilson Carlene Prostaglandins, Leukotrienes & Essential Fatty Acids (2008) April-May, 78(4-5):311-26 (2008)

The role of dietary fatty acids in children’s behaviour and learning. To assess the effectiveness of Equazen 931 Ratio on adolescents’ behaviour.

Vulnerable teenage students who had persistent difficulties with behaviour and were at risk of school exclusion were recruited for fatty acids supplementation; they exhibited problems with concentration, and in some cases, aggression, across a range of lesson periods.

• 20 adolescents aged between 12 and 15 (18 male, 2 female) with persistent behavioural difficulties and concentration problems
• 3 months of supplementation with Equazen 931 Ratio (open laben study)

Key findings

• Equazen 931 Ratio reduces significantly the ADHD symptomatology with a substantial drop in the number of adolescents rated as “severe” on the DSM-IV ADHD scales
• Equazen 931 Ratio reduces excitability and improves concentration in the children. This is a fundamental shift towards more qualitative time spent at home

Equazen 931 Ratio improves behaviour in the classroom. According to the teacher reports following the trial, 41% of the children had significantly calmed down, was more focused in the classroom and this has resulted in positive improvements in school work.

Portwood Madeleine M. Nutrition and Health, 2006, Vol.18, pp.233-247

Critical appraisal of omega-3 fatty acids in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder treatment

In several studies, it has been indicated that a supplementation of Omega-3 has a beneficial effect on ADHD symptoms. However, the results of these studies show a high variability and inconsistency, therefore an independent review of the available evidence has been conducted on the most recent studies published between 2000 and 2015 to evaluate the effectiveness of omegas supplementation in ADHD.

Among all the treatment options, the supplementation with a combination of Omega-3 and Omega-6 showed the best results.

Key findings

• Even if inconsistencies have been found among the different treatments, the most promising results are found in the trials where a specific Omega-3/Omega-6 combination (Equazen 931 Ratio) was given to the subjects.

Particularly, treatment with Equazen eye q showed promising results.

Also, the tolerability of supplementation with Equazen 931 Ratio was good.

Treatment with fatty acids can be recommended in two patient groups:

• Patients with mild forms of ADHD, for whom the side effects of stimulant medication outweigh the benefits
• Patients who suffer both from severe ADHD and from side effects of the stimulant medication. In this patients a combination of stimulant medication and fatty acid supplement could reduce the dose of these stimulant medication and the incidence and severity of the side effects.

Königs Anja and Kiliaan Amanda Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment 2016:12 1869–1882

Randomised controlled trial of brain specific fatty acid supplementation in pregnant women increases brain volumes on MRI scans of their new-born infants. Brain specific fatty acids are essential for mammalian central nervous system development. Human brains have accelerated growth with significant increase in cerebral content of arachidonic acid (AA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) during the last trimester of pregnancy and first postnatal months. This clinical investigation assessed the impact of Equazen® mumomega® supplementation in pregnancy on new-borns infants’ brain volumes using brain magnetic resonance imagining (MRI). This study show for the first time that maternal fatty acids supplementation enhances infants’ brain size.

Aim to determine whether maternal supplementation with Equazen® mumomega® in early pregnancy is related to the total and regional brain volumes of new-born infants.

Key findings

• This is the first investigation that shows measurable anatomical changes (MRI scans) in the brain of infants in response of maternal supplementation with fatty acids (Equazen® mumomega®)
• Infants born to Equazen® mumomega® supplemented mother had larger head circumference at birth and were longer at birth, potentially implying a better developed and resilient brain structure
• Male infants born to supplemented mother resulted in larger total brain, cortex, whole gray matter and corpus callosum volumes, supporting the speculation that male fetal brain development is more sensitive to maternal supply of essential fatty acids
• Results from this trial might imply a better developed and resilient brain structure and might correlate with later neurodevelopmental outcomes. Remarkably the fact that male infants born by supplemented mothers had better results on brain scans is aligned with the well- known fact that male gender is more sensitive to fatty acids deficiency than females due to contrasting hormonal effects, which is also aligned to the higher prevalence of neurodevelopmental disorders in male gender rather than female.

Ogundipe E., Tusor N., Wang Y., Johnson M.R., Edwards A.D., Crawford M.A. ; PLEFA 138 (2018) 6-13

Effect of docosahexaenoic acid-enriched fish oil supplementation in pregnant women with Type 2 diabetes on membrane fatty acids and fetal body composition – double blinded, randomised, placebo controlled trial. 

To investigate if DHA-rich omega supplementation (Equazen® mumomega®) rectifies the red cell membrane anomaly in women with Type 2 diabetes (T2D) and their offspring.

Key findings

• The enrichment of DHA in cord blood as a result of Equazen® mumomega® supplementation suggests that the impairments of transfer of DHA from the expectant mother to the fetus induced by diabetes can be overcome by supplementation
• The loss of maternal red cell membrane DHA toward the end of pregnancy has been considered a physiological response to pregnancy. However the red cell membrane DHA did not decline over the course of pregnancy in the women with T2D supplemented with Equazen® mumomega®.
• Mothers with T2D who received Equazen® mumomega® had lower incidence of delivering preterm babies.
• Researchers suggest that supplementation should be integrated in the antenatal care of pregnant women with T2D in order to optimise fetal development and avert maternal depletion in pregnancy.

The incidence of preterm births (*) was lower for women with T2D who were supplemented with Equazen® mumomega® than those who received placebo.

The women with T2D who took Equazen® mumomega® had a significant higher DHA level in red cell phosphatidycholine (PC) and phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) and plasma phosphatidycholine (PC) in the 3rd trimester compared with those who received placebo. Equazen® mumomega® supplementation has a similar effect on red cell PE of the healthy women group.

The red cell PE increment of DHA by the third trimester was increased by 53% in T2D women and by 54% in healthy women.

Min y., Djahanbakhch O., Hutchinson J., Bhullar A.S., Raveendran M., Hallot A., Eram S., Namugere I., Nateghian S.,

Ghebremeskel K. Diabetic Medicine; 31 (11):1331-40 (2014)

Efficacy of docosahexaenoic acid-enriched formula to enhance maternal and fetal blood docosahexaenoic acid levels: randomised double-blinded placebo-controlled trial of pregnant women with gestational diabetes mellitus. 

Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) affects the level of DHA in phospholipids of maternal and cord red cells and cord plasma. Being DHA of great importance for maternal wellbeing and health, and for optimal development of fetus, this study explores its role in GDM affected pregnancies.

Aim to investigate if DHA-rich omega supplementation (Equazen® mumomega®) rectifies the red cell membrane anomaly in women with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) and their offspring.

Key findings

• Equazen® mumomega® supplemented to pregnant women with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) was effective in enhancing the maternal DHA status.
• At delivery women supplemented with Equazen® mumomega® compared with those who received the placebo had higher level of DHA in plasma phosphatidycholine (PC), in red blood cell PC and red blood cell phosphatidylethanolamine (PE).
• The level of EPA and DHA did not change between baseline and delivery in the women who were given Equazen® mumomega®, however the level of both fatty acids decreased significantly at delivery in those who received placebo (p=0.001).

According to general knowledge, maternal DHA levels decline in the later part of gestation, which is often described as a physiological response to pregnancy; such decrease was not reported in women with GDM supplemented with Equazen® mumomega®.

Min y., Djahanbakhch O., Hutchinson J., Eram S., Bhullar AS., Namugere I., Ghebremeskel K. Clinical Nutrition;35(3):608-14,2016